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Wednesday, June 15, 2011

B.P.S.C. SYLLABUS FOR MAINS EXAM (AGRICULTURE,ANIMAL HUSBANDRY)

AGRICULTURE
PAPER-I

Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, their sustainable management and conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Climatic elements as factors of crop growth, impact of changing environment on cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals and humans. Cropping patterns in different agro-climatic zones of the country. Impact of high-yielding and short-duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns. Concepts of multiple cropping, multistory, relay and intercropping and their importance in relation to food production. Package of practices for production of important cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fibres, sugar, commercial and fodder crops grown during Kharif and Rabi seasons in different regions of the country.

Important features, scope and propagation of various types of forestry plantations such as extension, social forestry, agro-forestry and natural forests.
Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops; their multiplications; cultural, biological and chemical control of weeds.
Soil-physical, chemical and biological properties. Processes and factors of soil formation. Modem classification of Indian soils, Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil productivity. Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants. Principles of soil fertility and its evaluation for judicious fertiliser use, integrated nutrient management. Losses of nitrogen in soil, nitrogen use efficiency in submerged rice soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. Fixation of phosphorus and potassium in soils and the scope for their efficient use. Problem of soils and their reclamation methods.
Soil conservation planning on watershed basis. Erosion and run-off I management in hilly, foot hills and valley lands; processes and factors I affecting them. Dryland agriculture and its problems. Technology of stabilising agriculture production in rainfed agriculture area.
Water-use efficiency in relation to crop production, criteria for scheduling irrigations, ways and means of reducing run-off losses of irrigation water. Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of water-logged soils, quality of irrigation water, effect of industrial effluents on soil and water pollution.
Farm management, scope, importance and characteristics, farm planning. Optimum resources use and budgeting. Economics of different types of farming systems.
Marketing and pricing of agricultural inputs and outputs, price fluctuations and their cost; role of co-operatives in agricultural economy; types and systems of farming and factors affecting them.
Agricultural extension, its importance and role, methods of evaluation of extension programmes, socio-economic survey and status of big, small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers; farm mechanization and its role in agricultural production and rural employment. Training programmes for extension works; lab-to-land programmes.

AGRICULTURE
PAPER-II
Cell Theory, cell structure, cell organelles and their function, cell division, nucleic acids–structure and function, gene structure and function. Laws of heredity, their significance in plant breeding. Chromosome structure, chromosomal aberrations, linkage and cross-over and their significance in recombination breeding. Polyploidy, euploids and a euploid. Mutation-micro and macro–and their role in crop improvement Variation, components of variation. Heritability, sterility and incompatibility classification and their application in crop improvement. Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited characters.
History of plant breeding. Modes of reproduction, selfing and crossing techniques. Origin and evolution of crop plants, centre of origin, law of homologous series, crop genetic resources-conservation and utilization. Application of principles of plant breeding to the improvement of major field crops. Pur-line selection, pedigree, mass and recurrent selections combining ability, its significance in plant breeding. Hybrid vigour and its exploitation, backcross method of breeding, breeding for disease and pest resistance, role of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. Role of biotechnology in plant breeding. Improved varieties, hybrids, composites of various crop plants.
Seed technology, its importance. Different kinds of seeds and their seed production and processing techniques. Role of public and private sectors in seed production, processing and marketing in India.
Physiology and its significance in agriculture. Imbibition, surface tension, diffusion and osmosis. Absorption and translocation of water, transpiration and water economy.
Enzymes and plant pigments; photosynthesis–modern concepts and factors affecting the process, aerobic and non-aerobic respiration; C, C and CAM mechanisms; Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
Growth and development; photoperiodism and vernalization. Auxins, hormones and other plant regulators and their mechanism of action and importance in agriculture. Physiology of seed development and germination; dormancy.
Climatic requirements and cultivation of major fruits, plants, Vegetable crops and flower plants; the package of practices and their scientific basis. Handling and marketing problems of fruits and vegetables. Principal methods of preservation of important fruits and vegetable products, processing techniques and, equipment. Role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition. Raising of ornamental plants and design and layout of lawns and gardens.
Diseases and pests of field vegetables, orchard and plantation crops of India. Causes and classification of plants pests and diseases. Principles of control of plant pests and diseases. Biological control of pests and diseases. Integrated pest and disease management. Epidemiology and forecasting.
Pesticides, their formulations and modes of action. Compatibility with rhizobial inoculants. Microbial toxins.
Storage pests and diseases of cereals and pulses and their control.
Food production and consumption trends in India. National and international food policies. Production, procurement, distribution and processing constraints. Relation of food production to national dietary pattern, major deficiencies of calorie and protein.

BOOKS FOR AGRICULTURE FOR BPSC



ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
PAPER-I
Animal Nutrition :- Energy sources, energy, metabolism and requirements for maintenance and production of milk, meat, eggs and wool, Evaluation of feeds as sources of energy.
Trends in protein nutrition - Sources of protein metabolism and synthesis, protein quantity and quality in relation to requirements. Energy protein ratios in ration.
Minerals in animal diet - Sources, functions, requirements and their relationship of the basic minerals nutrients including trace elements.
Vitamins, Hormones and Growth Stimulating, substances - Sources, functions, requirements and inter-relationship with minerals.
Advances in Ruminant Nutrition-Dairy Cattle - Nutrients and their metabolism with reference to milk production and its composition. Nutrient requirements for calves, heifers, dry and milking cows and buffaloes. Limitations of various feeding systems.
Advances in Non-Ruminant Nutrition-Poultry - Nutrients and their metabolism with reference to poultry, meat and egg production, Nutrients requirements and feed formulation and broilers of different ages.
Advances in Non-Ruminant Nutrition-Swine - Nutrients and their metabolism with special reference to growth and quality of meat production. Nutrient requirement and feed formulation for baby-growing and finishing pigs.
Advances in Applied Animal Nutrition - A critical review and evaluation of feeding experiments, digestibility and balance studies. Feeding standards and measures of food energy, Nutrition requirements for growth, maintenance and production. Balanced rations.
Animal Physiology :-
Growth and Animal Production - Prenatal and postnatal growth, maturation, growth curves, measures of growth, factors affecting growth, conformation, body composition, meat quality.
Milk Production and Reproduction and Digestion - Current status of hormonal control of mammary development, milk secretion and milk ejection. Male and Female reproduction organs, their components and function. Digestive organs and their functions.
Environmental Physiology - Physiological relations and their regulation; mechanisms of adaptation, environmental factors and regulatory mechanism involved in animal behaviour, methods of controlling climatic stress.
Semen Quality - Preservation and Artificial insemination, Components of semen, composition of spermatozoa, chemical and physical properties of ejaculated semen, factors affecting semen in vivo and in vitro. Factors affecting semen production and quality preservation, composition of diluents, sperm concentration, transport of diluted semen. Deep freezing techniques in cows, sheep and goats, swine and poultry.
Detection of oestrus and time of insemination for better conception.
Livestock Production and Management :-
Commercial Dairy Farming - Comparison of dairy farming in India with advanced countries. Dairying under fixed farming and as a specialised farming, economic dairy farming, Starting of a dairy farm. Capital and land requirement, organisation of the dairy farm. ”
Procurement of goods - opportunities in dairy farming, factors determining the efficiency of dairy animal, Herd recording, budgeting, cost of milk production; pricing policy; Personnel Management. Developing practical and economic ration for dairy cattle; Supply of greens throughout the year, field and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm. Feeding regimes for day and young stock and bulls, heifers and breeding animal’s new trends in feeding young and adult stock. Feeding records.
Commercial meat, egg and wool production - Development of practical and economic rations for sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits and poultry Supply of greens, fodder, feeding regimens for young and mature stock. New trends in enhancing production and management. Capital and land requirements and socio-economic concept.
Feeding - and management of animals under drought, flood and other natural calamities.
Genetics and Animal Breeding :-
Mitosis and Meiosis - Mendelian inheritance, deviations to Mendelian genetics; Expression of genes; Linkage and crossing over, Sex determination, sex influenced and sex limited characters; Blood groups and polymorphism; Chromosome abberations; Gene and its structure; DNA as a genetic material; Genetic code and protein synthesis; Recombinant DNA technology, Mutations, types of mutations, methods for mutations and mutation rate.
Population Genetics Applied to Animal Breeding – Quantitative Vs qualitative traits; Hardy Weinberg Law; Population Vs individual; Gene and genotypic frequency; Forces changing gene frequency; Random drift and small populations; Theory of path coefficient; Inbreeding; methods of estimating inbreeding coefficient, systems of inbreeding Effective population size; Breeding value estimation of breeding value, dominance and epistatic deviation; partitioning of variation; Genotype X environment correlation and genotype X environment interaction; Role of multiple measurements; Resemblance between relatives.
Breeding Systems - Heritability; repeatability and genetic and phenotypic correlations, their methods of estimation and precision of estimates; Aids to selection and their relative merits; Individual, pedigree, family and within family selection; Progeny testing; Methods of selection; Construction of selection indices and their uses; Comparative evaluation of genetic gains through various selection methods; Indirect selection and Correlated response; inbreeding, upgrading, cross-breeding and synthesis of breeds; Crossing of inbred lines for commercial production; Selection for general and specific combining ability; Breeding for threshold character.

PAPER-II
Health and Hygiene :
Histology and Histological Techniques - Stains-Chemical classification of stains used in biological work-principles of staining tissues-mordants-progressive & regressive stains differential staining of cytoplasmic and connective tissue elements-Methods of preparation and processing of tissues-celloidin embedding-Freezing microtomy Microscopy-Bright field microscope and electron microscope. Cytology structure of cell, organelles & inclusions; cell division-cell types. Tissues and their classification-embryonic and adult tissues-Comparative histology of organs-vascular, nervous,digestive, respiratory, musculo-skeletal and urogenital systems-Endocrine glands-Integuments-sense organs.
Embryology - Embryology of vertebrates with special reference to aves and domestic mammals-gametogenesis-fertilization-germ layers-foetal membranes & placentation-types of placenta in domestic mammals -Teratology-twins &twinning-organogenesis-germ layer derivatives endo­dermal, mesodermal and ectodermal derivatives.
Bovine Anatomy-Regional Anatomy - Paranasal sinuses of OX-surface anatomy of salivary glands. Regional anatomy of infraorbital, maxillary mandibuloalveolar, mental & coronnal nerve block-Regional anatomy of paravertebral nerves, pudental nerve, median, ulnar & radial nerves-tibial, fibular and digital nerves-Cranial nerves-structures involved in epidural anaesthesia-superficial lymph nodes-surface anatomy of visceral organs of thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities comparative features of locomotor apparatus and their application in the biomechanics of mammalian body.
Anatomy of Forms - Musculo-skeletal system-functional anatomy in relation to respiration and flying, digestion and egg production.
Physiology of blood and its circulation, respiration; excretion, Endocrine glands in health and disease.
Blood constituents - Properties and functions-blood cell formation-Haemoglobin synthesis and chemistry-plasma proteins production, classification and properties; coagulation of blood; Haemorrhagic disorders-anticoagulants-blood groups-Blood volume-Plasma expanders-Buffer systems in blood. Biochemical tests and their significance in disease diagnosis.
Circulation - Physiology of heart, cardiac cycle-heart sounds, heart beat, lectrocardiograms, Work and efficiency of heart-effect of ions on heart function-metabolism of cardiac muscle, nervous and chemical regulation of heart, effect of temperature and stress on heart, blood pressure and hypertension. Osmotic regulation arterial pulse,vasomotor regulation of circulation shock. Coronary & pulmonary circulation-Blood-Brain barrier Cerebrospinal fluid-circulation in birds.
Respiration - Mechanism of respiration, Transport and exchange of gases-neural control of respiration-chemoreceptors-hypoxia-respiration in birds.
Excretion - Structure and function of kidney-formation of urine methods of studying renal function-renal regulation of acid-base balance. Physiological constituents of urine-renal failure-passive venous congestion-Urinary recreation “in chicken-Sweat glands and their function. Biochemical tests for urinary dysfunction.
Endocrine glands - Functional disorders, their symptoms and diagnosis. Synthesis of hormones, mechanism and control of secretion, hormonal receptors-classification and function.
General knowledge of pharmacology and therapeutics of drugs - Cellular level of pharmacodynamics and pharmaco-kinetics-Drugs acting on fluids and electrolyte balance-drugs acting on Autonomic nervous system- Modern concepts of anaesthesia and dissociative anaesthetics Autocoids-Antimicrobials and principles of chemotherapy in microbial injections-use of hormones in therapeutics-chemotherapy of parasitic infections-Drug and economic persons in the Edible tissues of animals chemotherapy of Neoplastic diseases.
Veterinary Hygiene with reference to water, air and habitation - Assessment of pollution of water, air and oil-importance of climate in animals health-effect of environment on animal function and performance-relationship between industrialisation and animal agriculture animal housing requirements for specific categories of domestic nimals viz.pregnant cows&cows milking cows, broiler birds-stress, strain &productivity in relation to animal habitation.
Animal Diseases:
Pathogenesis, symptoms, postmortum lesions, diagnosis, and control of infection diseases of cattle, pigs and poultry, horses, sheep and goats.
Etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment of production diseases of cattle, pig and poultry.
Deficiency diseases of domestic animals and birds.
Diagnosis and treatment of non-specific condition like impaction, Bloat, Diarrhoea, Indigestion, dehydration, stroke, poisioning.
Diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders.
Principles and methods of immunisation of animals against specific diseases-hard immunity-disease free zones-zero disease concept chemo-prophylaxis.
Anaesthesia-local, regional and general-preanaesthetic medication, symptoms and surgical interference in fractures and dislocation, Hernia, choking, abomassal displacement-Caesarian operations, Rumenotomy Castrations.
Disease investigation techniques-Materials for laboratory investigation-Establishment Animal Health Centres-Disease free zone.
Veterinary Public Health:
Zoonoses - Classification, definition; role of animals and birds in prevalence and transmission of zoonotic diseases-occupational zoonotic diseases.
Epidemiology - Principles, definition of epidermiological terms, application of epidermiological measures in the study of diseases and disease control, Epidermiological features of air, water and food borne infections.
Veterinary Jurisprudence - Rules and Regulations for improvement of animal quality and prevention of animal diseases-state and control. Rules for prevention of animal and animal product borne diseases S. P. C. A- Veterolegal cases-certificates-Materials and Methods of collection of sampks for veterolegal investigation.
Milk and Milk Products Technology:
Milk Technology - Organization of rural milk procurement, collection and transport of raw milk.
Quality, testing and grading raw milk, Quality storage grades of whole milk, Skimmed milk and cream.
Processing, packaging, storing, distributing, marketing defects and their control and nutritive properties of the following milks; Pasteurized, standardized, toned, double toned, sterilized, homogenized, reconstituted, recombined and flavoured milks. Preparation of cultured milks, cultures and their management, youghurt, Oahi, Lassi and Srikhand. Preparation of flavoured and sterlized milks. Legal standards, Sanitation requirement for clean and safe milk and for the milk plant equipment.
Milk Products Technology - Selection of raw materials, assembling, production, processing, storing, distributing and marketing milk products such as Butter, Ghee, Khoa, Channa, Cheese; Condensed, evaporated, dried milk and baby food; Icecream and Kulfi; by products; whey products. butter milk, lactose and casein. Testing, Grading, judging milk products-BIS and Agmark specifications, legal standards, quality control nutritive properties. Packaging, processing and operational control Costs.
Meat Hygiene and Technology :
Meat Hygiene - Ante mortem care and management of food animals, stunning, slaughter and dressing operations; abattoir requirements and designs; Meat inspection procedures and judgment of carcass meat cuts-drading of carcass meat cuts-duties and functions of Veterinarians in Wholesome meat production.
Hygienic methods of handling production of meat-spoilage of meat and control measures-Post slaughter physicochemical changes in meat and factors that influence them-Quality improvement methods-Adulteration of meat and defection-Regulatory provisions in Meat trade and Industry.
Meat Technology:
Physical and chemical characteristics of meat - meat emulsions methods of preservation of meat-curing, canning, irradiation, packaging of meat and meat products; meat products and formulations.
Byproducts - Slaughter house by products and their utilisation. Edible and inedible by products-social and economic implications of proper utilisation of slaughter house byproducts-Organ products for food and pharmaceuticals.
Poultry Products Technology - Chemical nutritive value of poultry meat, pre slaughter care composition and nutritive value of poultry meat, pre-slaughter care and management.
Slaughtering techniques, inspection, preservation of poultry meat, and products. Legal and BIS standards.
Structure, composition and nutritive value of eggs. Microbial spoilage. Preservation and maintenance. Marketing of poultry meat, eggs and products.
Rabbit/Fur Animal farming – Care and management of rabbit meat production. Disposal and utilization of fur and wool and recycling of waste byproducts. Grading of wool.
Extension - Basic philosophy, objectives, concept and principles of extension. Different Methods adopted to educate farmers under rural conditions. Generation of technology, its transfer and feedback. Problems of constraints in transfer of technology. Animal husbandry programmes for rural development.

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